The research was conducted by scientists from UJ's Water and Health Research Centre. During February and March 2025, researchers collected air samples from 40 rooms and areas inside an unnamed Johannesburg clinic before patients arrived for the day.

The analysis also identified multidrug-resistant bacteria among Gram-positive isolates, with 52 of 54 showing resistance to multiple antibiotic classes.

Researchers identified several potentially dangerous bacterial groups associated with healthcare-related infections, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii.

Why does this matter?

Antibiotic resistance makes some infections more difficult to treat, increasing concerns for patients who are already vulnerable. Researchers have recommended stronger infection-prevention measures and routine air-quality monitoring in healthcare facilities.

However, the study examined only one clinic. It identified a potential source of exposure but did not establish that patients became infected through the clinic's air.

The findings have renewed attention on the importance of improving infection control, healthcare infrastructure and antimicrobial resistance monitoring across South Africa.